Pocket Guidelines on Elevated Blood Pressure and Hypertension

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2. Pathophysiology and clinical consequences of elevated BP and hypertension.

3. Measuring blood pressure.

3.1. Introduction and pertinent definitions.

3.2. Practical recommendations for measuring BP.

3.2.1. Clinical validation of equipment for measuring BP.

3.2.2. Office BP measurement.

3.2.3. Home BP measurement.

3.2.4. Ambulatory BP measurement.

3.2.5. Comparison of home and ambulatory BP monitoring.

4. Definition and classification of elevated BP and hypertension, and CVD risk assessment.

4.1. Definition and classification of elevated BP and hypertension.

4.2. Predicting cardiovascular disease risk.

4.3. Refining cardiovascular disease risk estimation beyond risk models.

4.4. Summary of the CVD risk stratification approach for allocating BP treatment.

5. Diagnosing hypertension and investigating underlying causes.

5.1. Screening for hypertension.

5.2. Confirming the diagnosis of hypertension.

5.3. Baseline assessment and diagnostic approach.

5.3.1. Drug adherence and persistence with treatment.

5.3.2. Routine and optional tests.

5.3.3. The kidney.

5.3.4. The heart.

5.3.5. The arteries.

5.3.6. Genetic testing.

5.4. Resistant hypertension: definition and diagnosis.

5.5. Secondary hypertension: when to screen/further investigations.

6. Preventing and treating elevated blood pressure and hypertension.

6.1. Prevention strategies in early life.

6.2. Non-pharmacological interventions.

6.3. Pharmacological interventions.

6.4. Selecting patients for pharmacological blood pressure-lowering treatment.

6.5. Intensity of BP-lowering therapy and ideal treatment targets.

6.5.1. The ideal target of BP-lowering treatment.

6.5.2. Duration and monitoring of drug therapy.

6.6. Device-based blood pressure lowering.

7. Managing specific patient groups or circumstances.

7.1. Young adulthood (18–40 years).

7.2. Pregnancy.

7.2.1. Definition and epidemiology.

7.2.2. Risk of recurrence of hypertensive disorders in a subsequent pregnancy.

7.3. Maintaining BP lowering in very old or frail patients.

7.4. Orthostatic hypotension with supine hypertension.

7.5. Diabetes.

7.6. Chronic kidney disease.

7.7. Cardiac disease.

7.8. Chronic cerebrovascular disease and/or cognitive impairment.

7.9. Different ethnic groups.

7.10. Resistant hypertension.

7.11. Management of specific causes of secondary hypertension – renovascular hypertension.

8. Acute and short-term lowering of BP.

8.1. Acute BP management in acute ischaemic stroke.

8.2. Acute BP management in pre-eclampsia and severe hypertension in pregnancy.

9. Patient-centred care in hypertension...

9.1. Self-measuring and monitoring.

9.2. Facilitating medication adherence and persistence.

9.3. Multidisciplinary management.