Table of Contents
1. Definitions
2. Classification and Pathophysiology of Syncope and TLOCs
3. The Initial Evaluation
4. Management of Syncope in the Emergency Department Based on Risk Stratification
5. Should the Patient Be Admitted to Hospital?
6. Diagnosis Unclear After the Initial Evaluation
7. Carotid Sinus Massage
8. Active Standing
9. Tilt Testing
10. Basic Autonomic Function Tests
11. Electrocardiographic Monitoring (non-invasive and invasive)
12. Video Recording in Suspected Syncope
13. Electrophysiological Study
14. Echocardiography
15. Exercise Stress Testing
16. Coronary Angiography
17. General Principles of Treatment of Syncope
18. Treatment of Reflex Syncope
19. Cardiac Pacing in Patients with Reflex Syncope.
20. Treatment of Orthostatic Hypotension and Orthostatic Intolerance Syndromes
21. Treatment of Syncope due to Intrinsic Sinoatrial or Atrioventricular Conduction System Disease
22. Treatment of Syncope due to Intrinsic Cardiac Tachyarrhythmias
23. Treatment of Syncope Secondary to Structural Cardiac, Cardiopulmonary, and Great Vessel Disease
24. Treatment of Unexplained Syncope in Patients at High Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death
25. Syncope in Patients with Comorbidity and Frailty
26. Psychogenic Transient Loss of Consciousness and its Evaluation
27. Neurological Causes and Mimics of Syncope
28. Syncope (transient loss of consciousness) Management Unit