References and Guidelines

Table of Contents

 Part 1: Tutorials

 Part 2: Powerpoint presentations on Imaging in Aortic Stenosis

 Part 3: Congress reports from Eurovalve 2015

 Part 4: Webinar: Imaging in TAVI procedures

 Part 5: Interview debate: Imaging in Aortic Stenosis

 Part 6: References and Guidelines

 Part 7: Clinical Cases

Guidelines

• Recommendations on the echocardiographic assessment of aortic valve stenosis: a focused update from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography
• Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging
• Echocardiography in aortic diseases (update 2010): EAE Position papers
• Echocardiographic Assessment of Valve Stenosis: EAE/ASE Recommendations for Clinical Practice
• 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease
• Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic normal reference ranges for proximal aorta dimensions: results from the EACVI NORRE study
• ESC/EACTS Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012)
• Recommendations for the echocardiographic assessment of native valvular regurgitation: an executive summary from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging
• European Association of Echocardiography recommendations for the assessment of valvular regurgitation. Part 1: aortic and pulmonary regurgitation (native valve disease)
• European Association of Echocardiography recommendations for the assessment of valvular regurgitation. Part 2: mitral and tricuspid regurgitation (native valve disease)

References

1 –  PET CT in aortic stenosis

1. Marincheva-Savcheva G, Subramanian S, Qadir S, Figueroa A, Truong Q, Vijayakumar J, Brady TJ, Hoffman U, Tawakol A. Imaging of the Aortic Valve Using Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography: Increased Valvular Flurodeoxyglucose Uptake in Aortic Stenosis. Journal American College Cardiology 2011;57:2507-2515
2. Dweck MR, Jones C, Joshi N, Fletcher AM, Richardson H, White A, Marsden M, Pessotto R,  Clark JC, Wallace WA, Salter DM, McKillop G, van Beek EJR, Boon NA, Rudd JHF, Newby DE. Assessment of valvular calcification and inflammation by positron emission tomography in patients with aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2012;125(1):76-86.
3. Aikawa E, Otto C. Look more closely at the valve. Imaging calcific aortic valve disease. Circulation.2012;125:9-11
4. Hyafil F, Messika-Zeitoun D, Burg S, Rouzet F, Benali K, Iung B, Vahanian A, Le Guludec D. Detection of 18Fluoride Sodium Accumulation by Positron Emission Tomography in Calcified Stenotic Aortic Valves. Am J Cardiol 2012;109:1194-1196
5. Dweck MR, Khaw HJ, Baird A, Luo ELC, Williams MC, Makielo P, Sng GKZ, Joshi N,  Mirsadraee S, Boon NA, Van Beek EJR, Rudd JHF, Newby DE. Aortic stenosis, atherosclerosis and skeletal bone. Is there a common link with inflammation and calcification? European Heart Journal. 2013 Jun;34(21):1567-74.
6. Dweck MR, Jenkins WS, Vesey AT, Pringle MA, Chin CW, Malley TS, Cowie WJ, Tsampasian V, Richardson H, Fletcher A, Wallace WA, Pessotto R, Van Beek EJ, Boon NA, Rudd JH, Newby DE. 18F-NaF Uptake is a Marker of Active Calcification and Disease Progression in Patients with Aortic Stenosis. Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging. 2014;7(2):371-8
7. Irkle A, Vesey AT, Lewis DY, Bird JLE, Dweck MR, Joshi FR, Gallagher FA, Warburton EA, Bennett MR, Brindle KM, Newby DE, Rudd JH, Davenport AP. Identifying active vascular micro-calcification by 18F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography. Nature Communications. 2015. Jul 7;6:7495
8. Pawade TA, Newby DE, Dweck MR. Calcification in Aortic Stenosis. The Skeleton Key. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2015;66(5):561-77
9. Chin CW, Pawade TA, Newby DE, Dweck MR. Risk Stratification in Patients With Aortic Stenosis Using Novel Imaging Approaches. Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging. 2015;8(8):e003421
10. Jenkins WSA, Vesey AT, Shah ASV, Pawade TA, Chin CWL, White AC, Fletcher AM, Cartlidge TR, Mitchell AJ, Pringle MAH, Brown OS, Pessotto R, McKillop G, Van Beek EJR, Boon NA, Rudd JHF, Newby DE, Dweck MR. Valvular 18F-fluoride and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake predict disease progression and clinical outcome in patients with aortic stenosis. Journal of the American College Cardiology 2015 Sep 8;66(10):1200-1.

2 – Low gradient / low Flow aortic stenosis LV dysfunction

1. deFilippi CR, Willett DL, Brickner ME, et al. Usefulness of dobutamine echocardiography in distinguishing severe from nonsevere valvular aortic stenosis in patients with depressed left ventricular function and low transvalvular gradients. The American journal of cardiology 1995;75:191-4.
2. Monin JL, Monchi M, Gest V, Duval-Moulin AM, Dubois-Rande JL, Gueret P. Aortic stenosis with severe left ventricular dysfunction and low transvalvular pressure gradients: risk stratification by low-dose dobutamine echocardiography. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2001;37:2101-7.
3. Nishimura RA, Grantham JA, Connolly HM, Schaff HV, Higano ST, Holmes DR, Jr. Low-output, low-gradient aortic stenosis in patients with depressed left ventricular systolic function: the clinical utility of the dobutamine challenge in the catheterization laboratory. Circulation 2002;106:809-13.
4. Monin JL, Quere JP, Monchi M, et al. Low-gradient aortic stenosis: operative risk stratification and predictors for long-term outcome: a multicenter study using dobutamine stress hemodynamics. Circulation 2003;108:319-24.
5. Blais C, Burwash IG, Mundigler G, et al. Projected valve area at normal flow rate improves the assessment of stenosis severity in patients with low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis: the multicenter TOPAS (Truly or Pseudo-Severe Aortic Stenosis) study. Circulation 2006;113:711-21.
6. Cueff C, Serfaty JM, Cimadevilla C, et al. Measurement of aortic valve calcification using multislice computed tomography: correlation with haemodynamic severity of aortic stenosis and clinical implication for patients with low ejection fraction. Heart 2011;97:721-6.
7. Clavel MA, Fuchs C, Burwash IG, et al. Predictors of outcomes in low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis: results of the multicenter TOPAS Study. Circulation 2008;118:S234-42.
8. Fougeres E, Tribouilloy C, Monchi M, et al. Outcomes of pseudo-severe aortic stenosis under conservative treatment. European heart journal 2012;33:2426-33.
9. Levy F, Laurent M, Monin JL, et al. Aortic valve replacement for low-flow/low-gradient aortic stenosis operative risk stratification and long-term outcome: a European multicenter study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2008;51:1466-72.
10. Tribouilloy C, Levy F, Rusinaru D, et al. Outcome after aortic valve replacement for low-flow/low-gradient aortic stenosis without contractile reserve on dobutamine stress echocardiography. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2009;53:1865-73.

3 – Difficult situations and guidelines

1. Minners J, Allgeier M, Gohlke-Baerwolf C, Kienzle RP, Neumann FJ, Jander N. Inconsistencies of echocardiographic criteria for the grading of aortic valve stenosis. Eur Heart J. 2008; 29:1043-1048.
2. Jander N. Low-gradient ‘severe’ aortic stenosis with preserved ejection fraction: new entity, or discrepant definitions? Europ Heart J 2008; 10 (Supplement E):E11–E15.
3. Dumesnil JG, Pibarot P, Carabello B. Paradoxical low flow and/or low gradient severe aortic stenosis despite preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Eur Heart J. 2010; 31: 281-9.
4. Adda J, Mielot C, Giorgi R, Cransac F, Zirphile X, Donal E, Sportouch-Dukhan C, Réant P, Laffitte S, Cade S, Le Dolley Y, Thuny F, Touboul N, Lavoute C, Avierinos JF, Lancellotti P, Habib G. Low-flow, low-gradient severe aortic stenosis despite normal ejection fraction is associated with severe left ventricular dysfunction as assessed by speckle-tracking echocardiography: a multicenter study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012 Jan;5(1):27-35
5. Kamperidis V,   van Rosendael P,  Katsanos S, et al. Low gradient severe aortic stenosis with preserved ejection fraction: reclassification of severity by fusion of Doppler and computed tomographic data Eur Heart J. 2015;36:2087-2096
6. Monin JL, Quere JP, Monchi M, et al. Low-gradient aortic stenosis: operative risk stratification and predictors for long-term outcome: a multicenter study using dobutamine stress hemodynamics. Circulation 2003;108:319-24.
7. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, 3rd, Guyton RA, O'Gara PT, Ruiz CE, Skubas NJ, Sorajja P, Sundt TM, 3rd, Thomas JD. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2014;129:e521-643.
8. Vahanian A, Alfieri O, Andreotti F, Antunes MJ, Barón-Esquivias G, Baumgartner H, Borger MA, Carrel TP, De Bonis M, Evangelista A, Falk V, Lung B, Lancellotti P, Pierard L, Price S, Schäfers HJ, Schuler G, Stepinska J, Swedberg K, Takkenberg J, Von Oppell UO, Windecker S, Zamorano JL, Zembala M. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012): the Joint Task Force on the Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012 Oct;42(4):S1-44

4 – Deformation imaging in aortic stenosis

1. Dumesnil JG, Shoucri RM, Laurenceau JL, et al.A mathematical model of the dynamic geometry of the intact left ventricle and its application to clinical data. Circulation 1979;59:1024–34.
2. Dumesnil JG, Shoucri RM. Quantitative relationships between left ventricular ejection and wall thickening and geometry. J Appl Physiol 1991;70:48–54.
3. Galli E, Lancellotti P, Sengupta PP, Donal E. LV mechanics in mitral and aortic valve diseases: value of functional assessment beyond ejection fraction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014 Nov;7(11):1151-66.
4. Nagata Y, Takeuchi M, Wu VC, Izumo M, Suzuki K, Sato K, Seo Y, Akashi YJ, Aonuma K, Otsuji Y. Prognostic value of LV deformation parameters using 2D and 3D speckle-tracking echocardiography in asymptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis and preserved LV ejection fraction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015 Mar;8(3):235-45
5. Cramariuc D, Gerdts E, Davidsen ES, Segadal L, Matre K. Myocardial deformation in aortic valve stenosis: relation to left ventricular geometry. Heart. 2010 Jan;96(2):106-12
6. Delgado V, Ng CT. Assessment of left ventricular systolic function in aortic stenosis and prognostic implications. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012 Oct;13(10):805-7
7. Lancellotti P, Donal E, Magne J, Moonen M, O'Connor K, Daubert JC, Pierard LA. Risk stratification in asymptomatic moderate to severe aortic stenosis: the importance of the valvular, arterial and ventricular interplay. Heart. 2010 Sep;96(17):1364-71
8. Lafitte S, Perlant M, Reant P, Serri K, Douard H, DeMaria A, Roudaut R. Impact of impaired myocardial deformations on exercise tolerance and prognosis in patients with asymptomatic aortic stenosis. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009 May;10(3):414-9
9. Weidemann F, Herrmann S, Störk S, Niemann M, Frantz S, Lange V, Beer M, Gattenlöhner S, Voelker W, Ertl G, Strotmann JM. Impact of myocardial fibrosis in patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2009 Aug 18;120(7):577-84
10. Debonnaire P, Delgado V, Bax JJ. Potential role of fibrosis imaging in severe valvular heart disease. Heart. 2015 Mar;101(5):397-407

5 – Paradoxical Low gradient / low Flow aortic stenosis

1. Vahanian A, Alfieri O, Andreotti F et al. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). Eur Heart J 2012;33:2451-2496.
2. Pibarot P, Dumesnil JG. Low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis with normal and depressed left ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:1845-1853.
3. Clavel MA, Magne J, Pibarot P. Low-gradient aortic stenosis. Eur Heart J 2016:ehw096.
4. Hachicha Z, Dumesnil JG, Bogaty P, Pibarot P. Paradoxical low flow, low gradient severe aortic stenosis despite preserved ejection fraction is associated with higher afterload and reduced survival. Circulation 2007;115:2856-2864.
5. Herrmann S, Stork S, Niemann M et al. Low-gradient aortic valve stenosis: Myocardial fibrosis and its influence on function and outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:402-412.
6. Clavel MA, Messika-Zeitoun D, Pibarot P et al. The complex nature of discordant severe calcified aortic valve disease grading: New insights from combined Doppler-echocardiographic and computed tomographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:2329-2338.
7. Clavel MA, Malouf J, Messika-Zeitoun D, Araoz PA, Michelena HI, Enriquez-Sarano M. Aortic valve area calculation in aortic stenosis by CT and doppler echocardiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2015;8:248-257.
8. Herrmann HC, Pibarot P, Hueter I et al. Predictors of mortality and outcomes of therapy in low flow severe aortic stenosis: A PARTNER trial analysis. Circulation 2013;127:2316-2326.
9. Eleid MF, Sorajja P, Michelena HI, Malouf JF, Scott CG, Pellikka PA. Flow-gradient patterns in severe aortic stenosis with preserved ejection fraction: clinical characteristics and predictors of survival. Circulation 2013;128:1781-1789.
10. Mehrotra P, Jansen K, Flynn AW et al. Differential left ventricular remodelling and longitudinal function distinguishes low flow from normal-flow preserved ejection fraction low-gradient severe aortic stenosis. Eur Heart J 2013;34:1906-1914.
11. Eleid MF, Sorajja P, Michelena HI, Malouf JF, Scott CG, Pellikka PA. Survival by stroke volume index in patients with low-gradient normal EF severe aortic stenosis. Heart 2015;101:23-29.
12. Dayan V, Vignolo G, Magne J, Clavel MA, Mohty D, Pibarot P. Outcome and impact of aortic valve replacement in patients with preserved LV ejection fraction and low gradient aortic stenosis: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;66:2594-603.

6 – CMR in aortic stenosis

1. Cawley PJ et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for valvular heart disease: technique and validation. Circulation 2009;119:468-78.
2. Myerson SG. Heart valve disease: investigation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012 Jan 19;14:7.
3. Biessell MM et al. Aortic dilation in bicuspid aortic valve disease: flow pattern is a major contributor and differs with valve fusion type. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6(4):499-507.
4. Steadman et al. Determinants and functional significance of myocardial perfusion reserve in severe aortic stenosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012 Feb;5(2):182-9.
5. Dweck MR et al. Left ventricular remodeling and hypertrophy in patients with aortic stenosis: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012 Jul 28;14:50.
6. Mewton N et al. Assessment of myocardial fibrosis with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. JACC 2011 Feb 22;57(8):891-903.
7. Dweck MR et al. Midwall fibrosis is an independent predictor of mortality in patients with aortic stenosis. JACC 2011;58:1271-9.
8. Flett AS et al. Diffuse myocardial fibrosis in severe aortic stenosis: an equilibrium contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2012 Oct;13(10):819-26.
9. Jabbour A et al. Multimodality imaging in transcatheter aortic valve implantation and post-procedural aortic regurgitation: comparison among cardiovascular magnetic resonance, cardiac computed tomography, and echocardiography. JACC 2011 Nov 15;58(21):2165-73.
10. Kim WK et al. Detection of myocardial injury by CMR after transcatheter aortic valve replacement. JACC 2014 Jul 29;64(4):349-57.

7 – Role of Cardiac CT in Aortic Stenosis

1. Baumgartner et al. Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice  (Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009 Jan;10(1):1-25)
2. - Nishimura et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:2438–2488
   - Vahanian et al. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012) Eur Heart J. 2012 Oct;33(19):2451-2496
3. Picano et al. The emerging role of exercise testing and stress echocardiography in valvular heart disease J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:2251–60
4. Bax et al.  Open issues in transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Eur Heart J 2014
5. Clavel et al. The Complex Nature of Discordant Severe Calcified Aortic Valve Disease Grading. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Dec 17;62(24):2329-2338
6. Kamperidis et al. Low gradient severe aortic stenosis with preserved ejection fraction: reclassification of severity by fusion of Doppler and computed tomographic data. Eur Heart J. 2015 Aug 14;36(31)
7. Tanaka et al. Diagnostic value of cardiac CT in the evaluation of bicuspid aortic stenosis: comparison with echocardiography and operative findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010 Oct;195(4):895-899
8. Erbel et al. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases. Eur Heart J. 2014 Nov 1;35(41):2873-2926
9. Ramlawi et al. Direct aortic and subclavian access for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: decision making and technique. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014 Jul;148(1):353-6
10. Masson et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: review of the nature, management, and avoidance of procedural complications. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2009 Sep;2(9):811-20
11. Tops et al. Noninvasive evaluation of the aortic root with multislice computed tomography implications for transcatheter aortic valve replacement. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008 May;1(3):321-330
12. Kurra et al. Pre-procedural imaging of aortic root orientation and dimensions: comparison between X-ray angiographic planar imaging and 3-dimensional multidetector row computed tomography.JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2010 Jan;3(1):105-113
13. Stachon et al. Two-year survival of patients screened for transcatheter aortic valve replacement with potentially malignant incidental findings in initial body computed tomography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015 Jul;16(7):731-7
14. Pibarot. Incidental findings in patients screened for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: crystal ball or Pandora's box? Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging (2015) 16 (7): 721-722 Editorial